SRC2 - Explicit Steering - Wheel Speed

SRC2 Rover

This fourth post about the qualifying round of the NASA Space Robotics Challenge - Phase 2 (SRC2) addresses the speed of the wheels of the rover, shown to the right, under the various possible motions. The rover uses Explicit Four Wheel Steering which allows the orientation of the wheels to be independently changed. The second and third posts explored the geometry to determine the position of the wheels for a turn, pivoting in place, and crab / straight movement. See the first post for the basics of the competition. 

Wheel Orientation

The orientation of the wheels on the rover determines the speed for the wheels. In straight or crab movement the speed is the same for all wheels. When turning, shown in the diagram below, the speeds are different for the inner and outer wheels. The requested overall speed of the rover, determined at the center of the rover, is used to calculate the inner and outer speeds. 

Term	Description
ICR	Instantaneous Center of Rotation
Rr	Radius from ICR to center of rover
Ri, Ro	Radius of  rover's inner (i) and outer (o) sides through ICR
Wb, Wt	Wheel base and wheel track of rover. Lengths are representative of actual size.
WRi, WRo	Radius of inner(i) and outer (o) wheels
δi, δo	Steering angle for inner (i) and outer (o) wheels

Visualize on the diagram three concentric circles drawn from the ICR. One circle passes through the center of the rover while the others pass through the inner and outer corners, or wheels, of the rover. The second post calculated the wheel's turning radius as:

The rover radius is Rr, the distance from the ICR to the center of the rover. 

The speed (Sr)  and turn radius of the rover determine the time (Tr) to complete a full circle, as shown in the first equation below. The next equation calculates the speed of either set of wheels (WR) using the circumference of the respective circles. Subsequently, that equation can be simplified as shown in the formulations that follow. 

Twist Calculation

The standard ROS movement command is the twist message. It contains two 3 dimensional vectors. One specifies the linear movement for the x, y, and z dimensions. The other specifies the orientation, also as x, y, and z, but meaning roll, pitch, and yaw respectively. 

The calculations for steering orientation and speed are all based on the radius of the turn. That turn radius needs to be calculated using the X velocity and the Yaw from the message. Recall from post three that turning during a crab movement is not under consideration so the linear Y value is ignored. 

Getting to how to do the calculation requires some interesting analysis but the final, actual calculation is extremely simple. The starting point is the Yaw in radians / second. The first equation determines the time it would take to turn a full 2𝜋 radians at the Yaw rate. Or, how long to traverse a full circle. 

Next, that time is used to determine the circumference of the circle using the X speed. Knowing the circumference the radius is determined. The equations show the individual steps but then combine them to reduce them to a simple calculation. Everything should reduce to such simplicity. Note that dimensional units are included to assure the final units are valid.

SRC2 - Explicit Steering - Crab, Straight, and Pivot Movements

SRC2 Rover

This is the third in a series of post about my involvement with the qualifying round of the NASA Space Robotics Challenge - Phase 2 (SRC2). The first post introduced the basics of the competition. One aspect of the challenge is there is no controller for the rover depicted to the right. It uses Explicit Four Wheel Steering which allows the orientation of the wheels to be independently changed. This provides multiple ways for the rover to move, e.g. straight, crab, turn, pivot.

The second post explored the geometry on positioning the wheels for a turn. This post will address pivoting in place and crab movement, i.e. moving sideways. It also addresses the trivial crab case of moving straight forward or back.